diff --git a/lib/internal/vfs/providers/memory.js b/lib/internal/vfs/providers/memory.js
index acec5b4166b2..dcdae87255d0 100644
--- a/lib/internal/vfs/providers/memory.js
+++ b/lib/internal/vfs/providers/memory.js
@@ -849,6 +849,10 @@ class MemoryProvider extends VirtualProvider {
       if (!existingDest.isDirectory() && entry.isDirectory()) {
         throw createENOTDIR('rename', newPath);
       }
+      // Cannot overwrite a non-empty directory
+      if (existingDest.isDirectory() && existingDest.children.size > 0) {
+        throw createENOTEMPTY('rename', newPath);
+      }
     }
 
     // Remove from old location (after destination validation)
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-vfs-rename.js b/test/parallel/test-vfs-rename.js
index 69daba43c11d..009494495794 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-vfs-rename.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-vfs-rename.js
@@ -58,3 +58,28 @@ const vfs = require('node:vfs');
   assert.strictEqual(myVfs.existsSync('/a/b/c'), false);
   assert.strictEqual(myVfs.readFileSync('/a/file.txt', 'utf8'), 'data');
 }
+
+// Renaming a directory onto a non-empty directory throws ENOTEMPTY
+{
+  const myVfs = vfs.create();
+  myVfs.mkdirSync('/src');
+  myVfs.writeFileSync('/src/a.txt', 'a');
+  myVfs.mkdirSync('/dst');
+  myVfs.writeFileSync('/dst/keep.txt', 'keep');
+
+  assert.throws(() => myVfs.renameSync('/src', '/dst'), { code: 'ENOTEMPTY' });
+  assert.strictEqual(myVfs.readFileSync('/dst/keep.txt', 'utf8'), 'keep');
+  assert.strictEqual(myVfs.readFileSync('/src/a.txt', 'utf8'), 'a');
+}
+
+// Renaming a directory onto an empty directory succeeds
+{
+  const myVfs = vfs.create();
+  myVfs.mkdirSync('/src');
+  myVfs.writeFileSync('/src/a.txt', 'a');
+  myVfs.mkdirSync('/dst');
+
+  myVfs.renameSync('/src', '/dst');
+  assert.strictEqual(myVfs.existsSync('/src'), false);
+  assert.strictEqual(myVfs.readFileSync('/dst/a.txt', 'utf8'), 'a');
+}